1).“ICE's Violence, Voter Rolls and Election Intimidation”, Jan 29, 2026, Rev. Mark Thompson discusses Trumpista Fraud Election issues with Markos of The Daily Kos, Redcircle, Make it Plain, duration of podcast 42 minutes, at < https://redcircle.com/shows/
2). “Sociology expert says ICE’s violent tactics in the US are a clear example of the 'imperial boomerang' ”, n.d. (clearly Feb 5 or 6, 2026), Brittany Wong, MSN Posting (originally from Huff Post), at < https://www.msn.com/en-us/
3). “The Blueprint That Broke a Federal Occupation: Minneapolis and the Mosaic of Effective Activism”, Feb 6, 2026, Christopher Armitage, The Existentialist Republic, at < https://cmarmitage.substack.
~~ recommended by desmond morista ~~
Introduction: The liberal elites of the U.S. have caved time after time in their oak paneled boardrooms shoveling huge amounts of money over to the fascist movement; titularly led by the mentally challenged madman Donald Trump. But the common people have rallied to protect their communities particularly in Minneapolis, Minnesota but also elsewhere. The massive ICE assault on Minneapolis never had anything to do with immigration or with the phonied up attacks on Child Care carried out by reactionary youtube operative Shirley. In case the authorities in Minnesota didn't get the message the Fascist U.S. Attorney General, the loathsome crook and sexual assault enabler for the rich, Pam Bondi sent a letter that laid it all out. She wrote she would withdraw the ICE Attack if the State of Minnesota turns over detailed personal data on the entire rolls of voters in Minnesota, plus sthe detailed personal data on those getting any sort of governmental assisstance (this was only for people getting tiny amounts of help with food or daycare or rent, the well-connected fraudsters and thieves, such as Bondi herself, who are busy stealing massive amounts of public funds are exempt from any regulation or oversight).
The Rethugs are well aware that the tepid and ineffectual Democratic Party is poised to win a massive election victory in the upcoming elections. So a variety of stratagems are underway ranging from the well known redistricting schemes, to greatly increased voter purges of Democratic leaning voters, to plans to station ICE Thugs and Active Duty military in the Polling Places where non-white and other more liberal constituencies live and vote. All the standard tactics used to keep African-Americans from voting previous to the enactment of the 1965 Voting Rights Bill are back in operation as the toady reactionary U.S. Supreme Court has ruled the pertinent sections of the 1965 Voting Rights Bill are no longer needed to maintain justice and fairness. Item 1)., “ICE's Violence, ….”, discusses this situation in some detail.
Item 2)., “Sociology expert ….”, looks at the violent techniques being used against U.S. citizens and residents protesting against ICE's operations in their neighborhoods. The article notes that:
“Aimé Césaire, an influential anti-colonial voice from Martinique, first used the phrase (imperial boomerang, d.m.) in 1950 to illustrate how the brutality of empire eventually “boomeranged” back to Europe in the form of fascism.
“Césaire argued that Hitler’s invasion and domination of neighboring European countries was, in many ways, a replay of what European powers had long done in the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa — only this time directed at Europeans themselves. Mass surveillance, forced labor and genocide, long used in colonial rule, slipped in and became the norm within Europe.”
The article also briefly discusses the role of Israel in providing training and equipment to police in the developed countries for use against dissidents and protesters. We can point out here, that the first big event in the imperial boomerang process seen here in the U.S. was the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, on November 22, 1963. The killing of JFK also saw the appearance in Dallas on that day of such operatives as Colonel Edward Lansdale. Lansdale worked in the Philippines suppressing the HUKs and other dissidents with a complex mix of violent force, psychological operations, and political manipulations. This was followed by much more comprehensive operations by both the FBI and the CIA against domestic dissent, particularly harassing dissenters against the SE Asian wars. These tactics were added to the domestic, mostly Southern, menu of repression and political attacks already in use in the states of the Old Confederacy.
At this point the progressive “Blue States” need to become much more assertive and begin impounding federal tax revenues and, in general, using the same sorts of tactics the South used against Supreme Court Rulings after the Brown v Board of Education ruling. The most important aspect of this is cutting off the Reactionary Dark Ages Red States from their ongoing subsidies from the Blue States. This was best outlined by Christopher Armitage several months ago in his article, “Experts Say Blue States Can Stop Paying Federal Taxes. There’s Precedent”, Nov 10, 2025, at < https://cmarmitage.substack.
The campaign by Trump and his minions to break the Blue States and force them to accept his agenda has not been completely successful. And the biggest partial victory so far is the resistance and organization of the people of Minneapolis, Minnesota. After forays into Los Angeles and Chicago, where ICE met with wide resistance and hostility the Reactionary leadership of the U.S. Federal Government decided they would attack a much smaller and much whiter population base in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. Their tactics were even more violent and crude than had been the case in Los Angeles and Chicago. And just as ICE goons had killed several people in those two cities they managed to kill two white protesters in Minneapolis. Both were killed in blatant execution style and the many cell phones that filmed it made it impossible to support the usual lies and fabrications offered by the Trump Regime's operatives. The success and hard work of the communities in Minnesota are discussed in Item 3)., “The Blueprint ….”. This is so far only a partial victory, to achieve the best possible outcome the people of the Blue States need to bombard their Governors, Mayors, Legislators, and Attorneys General with demands that the program proposed by Armitage in his brilliant article “Experts Say Blue States Can Stop Paying Federal Taxes. There’s Precedent” be enacted.
The common people have done a lot, but we need the better public office holders to take action and begin to push the reactionaries out of their states and take serious control over the tax revenues that are nourishing ICE and other fascistic agenda items. A bascially divided country with only the most tenuous connections would be a far better outcome than a consolidated state with a totally compromised Federal Government offers us.
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ICE's Violence, Voter Rolls and Election Intimidation
The Rev. Mark A. Thompson has spent most of his life as a political, civil rights & human rights activist and organizer. He not only has been a part of every major social justice movement & event over the past 40 years, he has also been a radio broadcaster for three decades, and he has spent over 10 years as a television commentator, as well.
Rev. Mark hosts Make It Plain (MIP), a political, human rights and breaking news podcast. Rev. Mark’s lifelong social justice activism intersects with his years of experience broadcasting the news and issues of the day. Newsmakers, politicos, policy-makers, entertainers and athletes alike make MIP a frequent sojourn.In 2021, MIP was named among Best Civil Rights Podcasts, Best Human Rights Podcasts, Best Podcasts About Social Justice and Best Broadcast Television Podcasts.
Rev. Mark was honored at the 104th Annual NAACP Convention in Orlando in July 2013 “for 25 years of crusading journalism and outstanding leadership in furthering the work of civil and human rights.
Rev. Mark, is a Morehouse College Martin Luther King, Jr. Board of Preachers 2023 Inductee.
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Sociology expert says ICE’s violent tactics in the US are a clear example of the 'imperial boomerang'
If the hyper-militarization of Immigration and Customs Enforcement in places like Minneapolis looks like something out of a war zone — Iraq in the early 2000s, for example — you may not be far off: The “imperial boomerang” — a theory increasingly discussed online — describes how superpowers develop violent systems of control and surveillance in colonial territories, only to later turn those same tactics inward and use them against their own citizens.
Aimé Césaire, an influential anti-colonial voice from Martinique, first used the phrase in 1950 to illustrate how the brutality of empire eventually “boomeranged” back to Europe in the form of fascism.
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Césaire argued that Hitler’s invasion and domination of neighboring European countries was, in many ways, a replay of what European powers had long done in the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa — only this time directed at Europeans themselves. Mass surveillance, forced labor and genocide, long used in colonial rule, slipped in and became the norm within Europe.
A similar dynamic is evident in the U.S. government’s deployment of ICE agents and surveillance tactics within its own borders. In cities like Minneapolis, Chicago and Los Angeles, ICE agents have deployed chemical irritants early in confrontations with protesters, used so-called less-lethal munitions at protesters (some who’ve been blinded), and are utilizing facial detection apps, databases, cell phone trackers, and drones to track immigrants and protesters. (The same thing happened in the efforts to suppress Black Lives Matter protests in 2020.)
The feds have also drawn on counterterrorism strategies used by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) when deploying tactics in blue cities, said Julian Go, a professor of sociology at the University of Chicago and author of “Policing Empires: Race, Militarization and the Imperial Boomerang.”
HuffPost recently spoke to Go about his timely book, the racialized history of the “imperial boomerang,” and how imported tools and tactics developed in foreign territories are now being used on protestors in cities like Minneapolis.
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HuffPost: First, how do you define the ‘imperial boomerang,’ or the ‘colonial boomerang,’ as it’s also called?
Julian Go: The “imperial boomerang” concept refers to the process by which imperialism abroad comes home to impact the imperializers themselves.
These imperial tools and tactics are first innovated and perfected in the imperial periphery ― that is, in colonies, at imperial borders, zones of violent conquest and war like Vietnam or Iraq ― primarily for use on peoples racialized as nonwhite and seen as inherently dangerous, violent ... and barbaric. That is how colonial control and wars of conquest are justified in the first place: that “those people” only understand violence. So it’s racialized from the get-go.
What about what we’re seeing in Minneapolis with ICE and Border Patrol agents? Are those groups’ interactions with civilians a byproduct of the imperial boomerang?
Go: We see the imperial boomerang most with the police. But while U.S. Border Patrol and ICE are separate from local police departments, they can also be seen as impacted by the imperial boomerang. Border Patrol first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was primarily deployed along the U.S. border with Mexico, and they borrowed tactics and tools of America’s military conquest of the west. Many of the first U.S. Border Patrol agents came from the Texas Rangers, for example.
ICE was created in 2002, so its history is more recent. But yes, we can still see the boomerang at work. Research done by Jewish Voice for Peace reveals that ICE agents had, along with various U.S. police officials, traveled to Israel to learn how the Israeli police and military dealt with Palestinians.
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Or consider the previous head of ICE operations in L.A., Chicago and Minneapolis: Greg Bovino. Before being appointed to his role by Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem and before he launched those operations, Bovino had deployed to foreign assignments in Honduras, Egypt and Africa. He also cut his teeth with the Border Patrol in the southwest and California, where the militarized Border Patrol developed and deployed rough if not violent methods (and also reportedly illegal methods) for locating and rounding up undocumented migrants in border zones. We see these methods in Bovino’s campaigns in L.A., Chicago and Minneapolis, which are very different urban theaters than the border zones where those methods were initially operationalized.
In this sense, the ICE campaigns in cities like Chicago or Minneapolis are effects of an imperial boomerang: The aggressive tactics for rounding up migrants at the peripheries of the American empire — the border — are being used on the streets of America’s urban heartlands. America’s cities are treated as colonial zones of conquest and imperial borderlands because that’s all ICE knows. If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.
Like this article? Keep independent journalism alive. Support HuffPost.
As you mentioned, the increasingly militaristic nature of policing in the United States is a direct result of the imperial boomerang. How can you trace that?
Go: The first police department in England, the London Metropolitan Police, was created in 1829 and was inspired by colonial policing in Ireland and slave patrols in the British Caribbean. The first U.S. police departments in the 19th century copied the London Metropolitan Police while bringing in inspiration from America’s own colonial history of westward expansion. In the early 20th century, modern police departments imported tools and tactics from America’s colonial war of conquest in the Philippines. Policing tactics and technologies like pin-mapping ― whose modern-day high-tech version is known as “spot mapping” or “predictive policing” ― or mounted police were all inspired by the American army’s brutal colonization of the Philippines.
During and after the Vietnam War, police in the U.S. imported counterinsurgency methods and even torture methods that were used in Vietnam. SWAT units were inspired by military units in the Southeast Asian theater of war. Veterans of the Vietnam War served in police departments and helped bring these tactics and tools back. In the early 1970s, British and U.S. police imported methods of crowd control from Northern Ireland.
Police departments now use tactics and surveillance technologies developed and used in the Middle East amidst the so-called “war on terror.” The so-called “gang databases” that police in many U.S. cities use come from technologies developed for the U.S. Army by Palantir. Police officers have gone to Israel to train and study Israeli methods of managing so-called terrorism. They then bring back the lessons learned from these zones of colonial conquest and war.
You write that we often see the ‘imperial boomerang’ come into play in response to perceived racialized threats from minority and immigrant populations. Explain.
Go: Historically, and currently, police tend to import tools, tactics and technologies from the periphery for domestic use when they perceive a crime wave or imminent threat to social order from nonwhite populations. Think of Chinese gangsters and their opium dens in California in the early 20th century, Black Americans in urban centers in the 1960s, or Muslim populations in post-9/11 America. They then use the imported violent methods and forms of control primarily on these nonwhite populations and justify their use on racial grounds, constructing the targeted nonwhite populations as inherently criminal or some kind of radical threat to society.
While racist perceptions about threats to law and order are often the motivation for bringing the boomerang home, and while the imported policing tools and tactics are primarily deployed on nonwhite populations, those tools and tactics remain available for use on any populations. While initially meant for nonwhite people or noncitizens, they can be readily deployed on white citizens, too. And they have been used on them. Militarized policing ... has been directed at everyone from white striking industrial workers in the early 20th century to white college student protesters in the 1960s. Racism has been the Trojan horse by which militarized policing has been snuck into the United States, to be directed at anyone.
Race is clearly a factor in these mass deportation efforts; ICE continues to disproportionately target Latino communities, including Mexican Americans and Mexican nationals.
Go: Yes, as with other instances of the boomerang effect, the entire ICE campaign is premised upon a racialized threat, which is exaggerated, if not entirely false.
Trump and the DHS justify ICE operations and their methods on the grounds that undocumented immigrants are all violent criminals posing a threat to law and order, that America’s blue cities are spaces of chaos and violence like border zones or colonial fields of conflict. The only way to handle the so-called “problem” is through militarized methods imported from the imperial peripheries. No other methods are considered except the most militarized and violent methods taken from border zones. Based on my research into policing and the boomerang effect, these racist and feverish fears of presumed criminal immigrants that justify ICE are all too predictable.
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What’s also predictable is the way in which ICE’s tactics have impacted everyday citizens, too. As with the boomerang effect in the past, the imported tactics and tools are being directed at all populations. The killings by ICE of Renee Good and Alex Pretti are examples of this.
Do you think there are any meaningful ways for the average American to check the growing militarization of our borders and immigration infrastructure?
Go: I think the Minnesota protests have made it obvious: Citizens can march and make their opposition known. This is important: One of the only heartening things about the Minneapolis situation is that it shows that the boomerang can be at least halted somewhat. In past cases of the boomerang, historically speaking, citizen opposition to police militarization emerged ― when it emerged at all ― only after it was too late ― as in, only after the boomerang had already returned.
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The Blueprint That Broke a Federal Occupation
The federal government sent more than three thousand immigration agents into a city with six hundred cops.¹ Starting December 1, 2025, they rolled into south Minneapolis in unmarked vehicles, wore masks, refused to identify themselves, and treated the neighborhood like occupied territory. They killed at least two American citizens, Renee Nicole Good on January 7 and Alex Pretti on January 24.² We know about Good and Pretti because someone had a camera rolling. In a city where filming federal agents from a public sidewalk can get you beaten, kidnapped, or killed, "at least two" is the only honest number we have. By February, agents had grabbed four thousand people off streets, out of cars, and from their homes.¹ Federal agents committed two of Minneapolis's three known homicides that year.³
Minneapolis didn't collapse. It organized. And the organizing didn't look like one thing, which is exactly why it worked.
Tens of thousands of Minnesotans from every community in the city marched in January cold, in windchills that hit thirty below. On January 23, labor unions, faith leaders, and community organizations called what organizers described as the first general strike in the United States in eighty years, shutting down more than seven hundred businesses across the state.⁴ The marches and the strike were different tactics, and both mattered. The marches themselves were a cross-section of the entire city: Hispanic families, Somali communities, students, union workers, retirees, all walking together in temperatures that punish you for standing still.
Indigenous communities led from the front with smudging, dancing, and songs, organized through the American Indian Movement, the Indigenous Protector Movement, and the Little Earth Protectors. Not just elders. Whole generations showed up. Representatives from at least ten tribes traveled to Minneapolis, the birthplace of AIM, on what Rachel Dionne-Thunder of the Indigenous Protector Movement called "unceded Dakota land."⁵ They came because ICE was stopping, questioning, and detaining Native people based on skin color alone.⁶ Federal agents occupying Indigenous land were profiling Indigenous people for looking Indigenous. That fact alone should have been a national scandal. In Minneapolis, it was one more reason to march.
Print shops across the city churned out posters by the thousands at steep discounts or for free. Volunteers distributed them at events, tucked them under windshield wipers, taped them to doors. The posters listed upcoming actions, named the politicians to contact, and spelled out the specific demands that would have the most effect. Multiple groups produced and distributed them independently, without coordinating with each other, because the need was obvious enough that nobody had to be told. Volunteers 3D-printed whistles and handed them out block by block so an entire neighborhood could sound the alarm the moment agents turned a corner.
At the Bishop Henry Whipple Federal Building, the ICE field office that served as the operation's command center, activists ran daily surveillance and captured footage that ended up on every network in the country. They turned a federal building into a stage where the administration's own cruelty played on camera for a national audience. Clergy from half a dozen denominations went to the airport and got arrested for it, about a hundred pastors and ministers and rabbis hauled off in zip ties for blocking the terminal where deportation flights departed.⁴ Churches opened as sanctuaries.
Thousands of people joined Signal chats organized by neighborhood, each one run by volunteer dispatchers tracking ICE movements in real time. Ad hoc intelligence networks, built overnight by civilians with nothing but cell phones. When convoys rolled through neighborhoods, people followed them, documented plate numbers, and reported locations so families had time to get inside. Some of those watchers got run off roads by federal vehicles. Agents stalked others, collected their personal information, and tried to intimidate them into stopping. They didn't stop.
Through all of it, volunteers built a door-to-door mutual aid network from scratch. They delivered groceries, dropped off supplies, checked on families who couldn't leave their homes because armed, masked men were circling their block. The Immigrant Defense Network trained nearly thirty thousand constitutional observers across 77 of the state's 87 counties, up from twenty-five hundred in November, averaging two thousand new volunteers every week by late January.¹² Lawyers fanned out through low-income immigrant neighborhoods to explain rights that people didn't know they had: that they could refuse to open their doors without a judicial warrant, that they could remain silent, that being stopped did not mean being convicted. Know-your-rights cards showed up on bus shelters and in laundromats, printed in English and Spanish and Somali. None of this infrastructure existed before the occupation. The community built it while the occupation was happening.
And that was just the organized stuff. You'd drive to a neighborhood to follow an ICE watch team and pass a group of older women holding signs on a corner, no organization behind them, just showing up because they decided to. You couldn't go anywhere in south Minneapolis without running into something, some act of opposition you hadn't heard about that had apparently been happening for weeks. It was like the whole city was doing this, independently, in every direction, all at once.
None of this had a single leader. None of it required permission. A grandmother delivering rice to a Somali family and a college student running Signal dispatch and a print shop owner working at cost all operated inside the same structure, and the structure held because every piece reinforced every other piece.
Our team started calling it the mosaic.
A mosaic works because no single tile carries the whole picture. Lose one and the image survives. Add one and it gets sharper. Minneapolis operated the same way. Marches drew federal attention, and the Signal network tracked where agents redeployed. ICE targeted the watchers, so mutual aid kept families fed and the watchers kept watching. National media showed up, and the footage from Whipple and from dashcams and cell phones gave them something to broadcast besides government press conferences. Every tile created conditions the other tiles needed.
On February 4, Tom Homan stood inside the Whipple Building and announced a drawdown, effective immediately.⁷ He said it wasn't a surrender, that mass deportations would continue. The administration claimed seven hundred agents were leaving. Whether the real number was seven hundred or something else, who knows. What I know is this: the first time I embedded with ICE watchers, right after Renee Good was killed, the scanner traffic sounded like a war zone. People getting chased off roads, agents swarming neighborhoods, abductions reported constantly. The second time, weeks later, I spent two days following ICE watch volunteers whose entire job was to find where the agents were, and we didn't hear a single abduction. Something changed. A Marquette Law School poll found 60 percent of Americans disapproved of how ICE was conducting itself, with only 23 percent of independents approving.⁸ An NPR/PBS/Marist poll found 65 percent said ICE had gone too far.⁹ Trump told NBC's Tom Llamas that "maybe we could use a little bit of a softer touch," then immediately added, "But you still have to be tough."¹⁰
The community made the operation politically toxic. Not through one brilliant move but through dozens of ordinary ones running simultaneously, reinforcing each other, until the combined weight became more than the administration wanted to carry into a midterm year.
Americans love the idea of the dramatic gesture. One march changes everything. One speech turns the tide. One lawsuit ends the abuse. What actually dismantles fascism is commitment. Showing up Tuesday and Wednesday and the following Tuesday, not because anyone's watching or because it feels historic, but because it matters and we said we would. The people who built the mosaic in Minneapolis weren't waiting for a defining moment. They were doing the work that creates one.
State Senator Erin Maye Quade and State Representative Emma Greenman represent the communities living under the occupation, two legislators in two chambers watching their constituents' constitutional rights erode daily and doing what they can to protect them. I spent a week in Minneapolis and sat down with both of them to go through the soft secession and oppositional federalism frameworks we've developed at The Existentialist Republic, model legislation designed to go from A to B, to solve the problem it claims to solve rather than winding through intermediaries built to dilute the result. Both were ready for tools with teeth.
That meeting was one tile. Thousands of people calling Attorney General Keith Ellison, Governor Walz, and Hennepin County Attorney Mary Moriarty every single day was another. They demanded what Letitia James has started building in New York: trained state observers embedded in enforcement zones to document whether federal agents stay within the law, creating an official record that prosecutors can use.¹¹ They demanded the arrest of Jonathan Ross, the ICE agent who shot Renee Good and left the scene with federal colleagues, refusing to sit for interviews, debrief with local investigators, or cooperate with Minneapolis police, skipping every step of the process that determines whether an on-duty shooting was justified. The dispatchers were another tile. The woman printing whistles was another. The families marching in ten-degree cold behind Indigenous leaders were another. No single tile forced the drawdown. All of them together did.
None of this is over. Not one federal agent has been prosecuted for an on-duty murder, beating, or kidnapping anywhere in the country since Trump's second term began. People are still in detention camps. Operations continue. The administration learned from Minneapolis that it needed better optics, so now we get fascism with improved customer service: fewer convoys in daylight, fewer cameras catching agents dragging someone into an unmarked car, the same raids run quieter so nobody films the part that polls at 23 percent. The underlying machinery hasn't stopped. But the mosaic proved that sustained, targeted pressure changes behavior. The next step is finding the next specific target. Not the big abstract fight against everything at once, but the next concrete place where pressure can be applied, ground gained, and conditions changed for real people. As soon as we win one, we find the next one. The fight moves, and we move with it.
We don't need one perfect strategy. We need dozens of imperfect ones running at the same time. Printers, lawyers, drivers, legislators, someone who knows how to cook for forty, all doing their thing without waiting for someone to hand them a role. The mosaic doesn't require a leader. It requires participants.
Minneapolis showed what the mosaic looks like when it's running. Any of those tiles works. We pick one. We deliver groceries. We run Signal chats. We print posters. We call our attorney general every morning until someone picks up and listens. We join people already doing the work, or we start something nobody's thought of yet. But if Minneapolis proved anything, it's that the general strike was the tile that scared them the most. We push for one in every city. Every week. With specific demands and a specific target. We don't stop when they ignore us. We stop when they move.
The EARR Training Booklet, is available as a physical booklet at TheExistentialistRepublic.com and for free at BuyMeACoffee.com/TheER. The guide teaches the Educate, Activate, Recruit, Repeat framework for building the kind of decentralized opposition Minneapolis just proved works.
Works Cited
[¹ ⁷] Allen, J., Nicholas, P., Gomez, H. J., Smith, A., & De Luce, D. (2026, February 4). Trump admin to withdraw 700 immigration agents from Minnesota after Minneapolis shootings, Homan says. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-administration-withdraw-700-immigration-agents-minnesota-rcna257397
[² ³] CBS News. (2026, January 26). Bovino, some Border Patrol agents to leave Minneapolis soon, sources tell CBS News. CBS News Minnesota. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/live-updates/reported-shooting-south-minneapolis-federal-agents-protesters/
[⁴] CBS News Minnesota. (2026, January 23). Thousands march through downtown Minneapolis protesting against ICE as state workers hold general strike. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/live-updates/general-strike-rally-planned-in-minnesota-friday-to-protest-ice/
[⁵] Thomson Reuters. (2026, January 23). Thousands of demonstrators demand ICE leave Minneapolis. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/minneapolis-clergy-arrest-protest-9.7058754
[⁶] Newsweek. (2026, January 17). Native Americans raise alarm over ICE operations. https://www.newsweek.com/native-americans-raise-alarm-over-ice-operations-11376134
[⁸] Marquette Law School. (2026, February 4). New Marquette Law School national survey finds 60% disapprove of the work of ICE, with Democrats and independents opposed to ICE and Republicans in favor. Marquette University. https://today.marquette.edu/2026/02/new-marquette-law-school-national-survey-finds-60-disapprove-of-the-work-of-ice-with-democrats-and-independents-opposed-to-ice-and-republicans-in-favor/
[⁹] Marist Institute for Public Opinion. (2026, February 5). The actions of ICE: February 2026. NPR/PBS News/Marist Poll. https://maristpoll.marist.edu/polls/the-actions-of-ice-february-2026/
[¹⁰] Gomez, H. J. (2026, February 4). After the Minneapolis shootings, Trump says his administration could use "a softer touch" on immigration. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/minneapolis-shootings-trump-says-administration-use-softer-touch-immig-rcna257459
[¹¹] New York State Office of the Attorney General. (2026, February 3). Attorney General James launches Legal Observation Project to monitor federal immigration enforcement in New York. https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2026/attorney-general-james-launches-legal-observation-project-monitor-federal
[¹²] Torres DeSantiago, E. (2026, February 2). Nearly 30,000 Minnesotans trained as constitutional observers [Interview]. MPR News. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/
02/02/immigrant-defense-network-training-constitutional-observers
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